1. What is Type Conversion?

Type conversion means converting a value from one data type to another data type.

For example:

int num = 10;
double result = num;

Here, the int value 10 is converted to double.

C++ supports two common types of conversion:

1. Implicit Type Conversion
2. Explicit Type Conversion

2. Implicit Type Conversion

Implicit type conversion occurs automatically. The programmer does not need to write any casting instruction.

Example

int num = 10;
double result = num;
 
cout << result;

Output:

10

C++ automatically converts int to double.

Common Implicit Conversions

Important: float → double

float → double is normally an implicit conversion.

float num = 12.5f;
double result = num;

C++ automatically performs the conversion.

3. char to int

When a char is converted to an int, its ASCII value is obtained.

char ch = 'A';
int num = ch;
 
cout << num;

Output:

65

Because:

'A' = 65
'B' = 66
'C' = 67

4. int to char

An integer can also be converted to a character.

int num = 65;
char ch = num;
 
cout << ch;

Output:

A

Here, 65 is the ASCII value of A.

Important Point

int → char can be an implicit conversion.

However, the integer should represent a meaningful character code.

For ASCII:

65–90   → A–Z
97–122  → a–z
48–57   → 0–9

For example:

int num = 65;
char ch = num;

produces:

A

But an arbitrary value such as 500 should not be expected to produce a meaningful standard ASCII character.

5. Explicit Type Conversion

Explicit type conversion means that the programmer manually tells C++ to convert a value from one data type to another.

Basic Syntax

One common beginner-friendly syntax is:

(data_type)value

Example

double num = 10.75;
 
int result = (int)num;
 
cout << result;

Output:

10

The programmer explicitly converts double to int.

6. Why Do We Need Explicit Conversion?

Explicit conversion is especially useful when converting from a type that can contain more information to a type that can contain less information.

For example:

double num = 25.75;
int result = (int)num;

The result is:

25

The decimal part .75 is removed.

This is called loss of information.

7. Common Explicit Conversions

• The numeric value is first converted to an appropriate integer value before the character conversion.

8. Explicit int → char

Although int → char can happen implicitly, we can also perform it explicitly.

int num = 65;
 
char ch = (char)num;
 
cout << ch;

Output:

A

Here, (char) tells C++:

Convert this integer value to char.

9. Explicit double → int

double num = 15.89;
 
int result = (int)num;
 
cout << result;

Output:

15

The fractional part .89 is discarded.

10. Explicit float → int

float num = 12.75f;
 
int result = (int)num;
 
cout << result;

Output:

12

11. Explicit double → float

double num = 25.75;
 
float result = (float)num;
 
cout << result;

Here, the programmer explicitly requests conversion from double to float.

12. bool Conversion

A bool has two values:

true  → 1
false → 0

bool → int

bool status = true;
 
int result = status;
 
cout << result;

Output:

1

This can happen implicitly.

int → bool

int num = 5;
 
bool result = num;
 
cout << result;

Output:

1

In a Boolean context:

0       → false
non-zero → true

13. Implicit vs Explicit Conversion

14. Important Examples

Example 1: Implicit

int num = 10;
double result = num;

C++ automatically converts:

int → double

Example 2: Explicit

double num = 10.75;
int result = (int)num;

The programmer manually converts:

double → int

Result:

10

Example 3: Character and ASCII

char ch = 'A';
int num = ch;

Result:

65

This is an implicit conversion.

Example 4: Integer and Character

int num = 65;
char ch = num;

Result:

A

This can also be an implicit conversion because C++ allows the numeric-to-character conversion.

Example 5: Explicit Type Casting in Arithmetic

Explicit type casting can be used to convert a value to another data type before an arithmetic operation.

Consider the following expression:

cout << 5 / 2;

Here, both 5 and 2 are integers (int).

Therefore, C++ performs integer division:

5 / 2 = 2

Using Explicit Type Casting

We can explicitly convert 5 from int to float:

cout << (float)5 / 2;

Here:

(float)5

means:

Convert the integer value 5 to a float.

The expression is now treated as:

5.0 / 2

Since one value is a float, C++ performs floating-point division.

5.0 / 2 = 2.5

Output

2.5

Compare the Two Expressions

cout << 5 / 2;
cout << (float)5 / 2;

Results:

5 / 2          → 2
(float)5 / 2  → 2.5

Key Point

Explicit type casting allows us to control the data type used in an expression.

In this example, (float) changes integer division into floating-point division.

Another Example

int a = 5;
int b = 2;
 
cout << (float)a / b;

Output:

2.5

Here, only a is explicitly converted to float. Because one operand is a float, the division produces a floating-point result.

15. Easy Conversion Pattern

A useful pattern to remember is:

char → int → float → double

These conversions generally move toward types capable of representing a wider range or more precision.

The reverse direction can require explicit conversion and may cause information loss:

double → float → int

For example:

10.75 double
    ↓
10 float
    ↓
10 int

When converting a floating-point value to an integer, the fractional part is discarded.

16. Key Points to Remember

1. Implicit conversion is performed automatically by C++.
2. Explicit conversion is performed manually by the programmer.
3. float → double is normally implicit.
4. char → int can be implicit and gives the character's numeric code.
5. int → char can also be implicit.
6. 65 → 'A' because 65 is the ASCII value of A.
7. double → int can lose the decimal/fractional part.
8. 0 → false and a non-zero value → true.
9. A conversion can be possible both implicitly and explicitly.
10. The main difference is who performs the conversion: C++ or the programmer.

Quick Revision

IMPLICIT
C++ does the conversion automatically.
 
Example:
int num = 10;
double d = num;
 
 
EXPLICIT
Programmer tells C++ to perform the conversion.
 
Example:
double d = 10.75;
int num = (int)d;